human tumour necrosis factor alpha  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Article Title: Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract enhances Zika virus replication through immune modulation

doi: 10.1590/0074-02760250272

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aedes aegypti salivary gland extract (SGE) modulates cytokine production by antigen-presenting cell lines during Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. JAWS II dendritic cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages were cultured for 72 h under the indicated conditions (Only Media, SGE, ZIKV, or ZIKV+SGE at different concentrations). Cytokine concentrations [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-10, IL-12] were quantified in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In JAWS II cells (A-D), significant differences were observed for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12, while IL-10 levels remained stable. In RAW 264.7 cells (E-H), SGE enhanced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 secretion, whereas IL-12 showed no significant modulation. Data represent individual values from independent experiments with bars indicating mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test; p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Article Snippet: The supernatants were separated after 72 h of infection and used to quantify IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-12, and IL-10 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher).

Techniques: Virus, Infection, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay